Talk Cancer

Question:

Designation of this list as a scientific AIDS review delineates it as a systematic compilation of findings in the field.  Those who have specific challenges to any finding are encouraged to post their systematic compilation of findings in all appropriate forums. The format:  title, contents, text, and references produces information that is easy to follow and respond to.  However, The simple use of subject, text, and references is sufficient to produce coherent, useful material in any forum, and is encouraged.   A specific and concise text will warm the hearts of many, and even bring a tear of joy to an old investigator who cannot live on his own selfish ambition alone. Good luck and good hunting.                              "Life is a membrane that reproduces." Pandoc

Response:

These comments are in no way intended as a criticism of Charles McCarthy and I appreciate the intent and effort of providing these references. I recognize many of these articles and this list is fine as (1) a compilation of the references supporting the seminal research that led to signicant bends on the AIDS research road (at the time they were published) and (2) as a historical list of interesting but now irrelevant AIDS articles. Therefore, I only have a problem with the designation of this list as a "scientific AIDS review" because we now know that some of these studies were not scientific at all (example Fischl’s research involving ACTG016 strongly suggests fraud and scientific misconduct when statements, claims and "scientific" conclusions of the article are examined against facts, research and other relevations were subsequently published). This and other "inconsistencies" in AIDS research has cast a dark cloud over ALL of the AIDS research involving large numbers of "researchers" with conflicts of interest that are incompatible with objective science. However, other than an educational exercise for those unfamiliar with this research, I question the value of this reference list, simply because many people refer to these articles because they think the title suggests what they want to believe — on occasion I have seen people assign a "finding" to an article they have obviously never read. Some individuals have made dangerous therapy recommendations on this and other boards simply on the basis of what they "think" is represented by the reference (I do not wish to offer examples of individuals who have done this on the public boards but I can assure you that this is happening — I am personally familiar with a research article written by a NIAID researcher with Tony Fauci as a Senior Researcher of the study. The study was obviously political from the very beginning and was the target of protests two years before the study was even begun. The study author clung to a single obsolete article to support a conclusion that had long been invalidated by subsequent reseach that clearly was ignored. I know this is true because I and another person provided the NIAID researcher with the current valid research. The correct scientific research (basic science) was ignored because it contradicted what the NIAID researcher was supposed to "discover". I have many of the following articles in their entirety, and the "conclusions" are often superceded by much more recent contrary findings, internal inconsistencies and advances in basic science research. Even the post I offered today regarding Donald Abrams (see the post — it offers shocking insights into the anti-virals that casts ALL the research of the anti-virals  (listed below) in a completely different light that strongly suggests that science has less to do with AIDS drug trials than conflicts of interest, politics and the need for researchers to "discover" what they are paid to discover. One can consult Medline on the basis of any keyword or keyword combination to obtain a specific list of articles pertaining to the information being sought. There are tens of thousands of articles pertaining to AIDS or HIV but without abstracts there is nothing here to suggest the findings and assumptions of an article. Again, this is not a criticism of anyone in particular (except NIAID and Fischl). I offer these comments to (1) guide the interested readers to complete sources (Medline) and (2) offer a cautionary note to those who may be easily misled to believe that many of these articles are gospel, when they are not. W. Fred Shaw – Hide quoted text — Show quoted text – Fenyo EM, Morfeldt-Manson L, Chiodi F, Lind B, et al. Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates. J Virol 1988;62(11):4414-9. Feorino PM, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Cabradilla CD, et al. Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Science 1984;225(4657):69-72. Ferre F, Marchese A, Duffy PC, Lewis DE, et al. Quantitation of HIV viral burden by PCR in HIV seropositive Navy personnel representing Walter Reed stages 1 to 6. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(2):269-75. Finkel TH, Tudor-Williams G, Banda NK, et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nature Medicine 1995;1(2):129-34. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1987;317(4):185-91. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Causey DM, Grieco MH, et al. Prolonged zidovudine therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex. AZT Collaborative Working Group. JAMA 1989;262(17):2405-10. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen N, Collier AC, et al. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112(10):727-37. Fox CH, Kotler D, Tierney A, Wilson CS, Fauci AS. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the lamina propria of patients with AIDS and gastrointestinal disease. J Infect Dis 1989;159(3):467-71. Franchini G, Gurgo C, Guo HG, Gallo RC, et al. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 1987;328(6130):539-43. Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M. Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71(1):1-4. Fricke W, Augustyniak L, Lawrence D, Brownstein A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection due to clotting factor concentrates: results of the Seroconversion Surveillance Project. Transfusion 1992;32(8):707-9. Friedland G. Parenteral drug users. In: Kaslow RA, Francis DP, eds. The Epidemiology of AIDS. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 153-78. Friedman RC, Downey JI. Homosexuality. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):923-30. Friedman-Kien AE. Disseminated Kaposi’s sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5(4):468-71. Fultz PN. The pathobiology of SIV infection of macaques. In: Montagnier L, Gougeon ML, eds. New Concepts in AIDS Pathogenesis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp. 59-73. Furtado MR, Kingsley LA, Wolinsky SM. Changes in the viral mRNA expression pattern correlate with a rapid rate of CD4+ T-cell number decline in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol 1995 Apr;69(4):2092-2100. Galai N, et al. Changes in markers of disease progression in HIV-1 seroconverters: a comparison between cohorts of injecting drug users and homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995;8:66-74. Galli M, Lazzarin A, Saracco A, Balotta C, et al. Clinical and immunological aspects of HIV infection in drug addicts. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989;50 (1 pt 2):S166-76. Galli M, Musicco M, Gervasoni C, Ridolfo AL, et al. No evidence for a role of continuing intravenous drug injection in accelerating disease progression in HIV-1 positive subjects. VIIth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. TH.C.48), June 16-21, 1991. Gallo RC, Reitz MS Jr. Human retroviruses and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(6):1209-14. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Shearer GM, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224(4648):500-3. Gallo RC, Montagnier L. The chronology of AIDS research. Nature 1987;326(6112):435-6. Gallo RC. Virus Hunting. AIDS, Cancer, and the Human Retrovirus: A Story of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. Gange RW, Jones EW. Kaposi’s sarcoma and immunosuppressive therapy: an appraisal. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978;3(2):135-46. Garry RF. Potential mechanisms for the cytopathic properties of HIV. AIDS 1989;3(11):683-94. Gazzard BG, Shanson DC, Farthing C, Lawrence AG, et al. Clinical findings and serological evidence of HTLV-III infection in homosexual contacts of patients with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy in London. Lancet 1984;2(8401):480-3. Genesca J, Wang RY, Alter HJ, Shih JW. Clinical correlation and genetic polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus proviral DNA obtained after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Infect Dis 1990;162(5):1025-30. Gershon AA. Measles virus (rubeola). In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp. 1279-84. Getchell JP, Hicks DR, Svinivasan A, Heath JL, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus isolated from a serum sample collected in 1976 in Central Africa. J Infect Dis 1987;156(5):833-7. Giesecke J, Scalia-Tomba G, Hakansson C, Karlsson A, Lidman K. Incubation time of AIDS: progression of disease in a cohort of HIV-infected homo- and bisexual men with known dates of infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22(4):407-11. Gilbert AN. Conceptions of homosexuality and sodomy in Western history. J Homosex 1980-81;6(1-2):57-68. Ginsberg HS (moderator). Scientific forum on AIDS: a summary. Does HIV cause AIDS? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988;1(2):165-72. Gjerset GF, Pike MC, Mosley JW, Hassett J, et al. Effect of low- and intermediate- purity clotting factor therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting disorders. Blood 1994;84(5):1666-71. Goedert JJ, Neuland CY, Wallen WC, Greene MH, et al. Amyl nitrite

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Response:

Fenyo EM, Morfeldt-Manson L, Chiodi F, Lind B, et al. Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates. J Virol 1988;62(11):4414-9. Feorino PM, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Cabradilla CD, et al. Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor-recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Science 1984;225(4657):69-72. Ferre F, Marchese A, Duffy PC, Lewis DE, et al. Quantitation of HIV viral burden by PCR in HIV seropositive Navy personnel representing Walter Reed stages 1 to 6. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(2):269-75. Finkel TH, Tudor-Williams G, Banda NK, et al. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nature Medicine 1995;1(2):129-34. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1987;317(4):185-91. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Causey DM, Grieco MH, et al. Prolonged zidovudine therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex. AZT Collaborative Working Group. JAMA 1989;262(17):2405-10. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen N, Collier AC, et al. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112(10):727-37. Fox CH, Kotler D, Tierney A, Wilson CS, Fauci AS. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the lamina propria of patients with AIDS and gastrointestinal disease. J Infect Dis 1989;159(3):467-71. Franchini G, Gurgo C, Guo HG, Gallo RC, et al. Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus and its relationship to the human immunodeficiency viruses. Nature 1987;328(6130):539-43. Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M. Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;71(1):1-4. Fricke W, Augustyniak L, Lawrence D, Brownstein A, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection due to clotting factor concentrates: results of the Seroconversion Surveillance Project. Transfusion 1992;32(8):707-9. Friedland G. Parenteral drug users. In: Kaslow RA, Francis DP, eds. The Epidemiology of AIDS. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 153-78. Friedman RC, Downey JI. Homosexuality. N Engl J Med 1994;331(14):923-30. Friedman-Kien AE. Disseminated Kaposi’s sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5(4):468-71. Fultz PN. The pathobiology of SIV infection of macaques. In: Montagnier L, Gougeon ML, eds. New Concepts in AIDS Pathogenesis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp. 59-73. Furtado MR, Kingsley LA, Wolinsky SM. Changes in the viral mRNA expression pattern correlate with a rapid rate of CD4+ T-cell number decline in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals. J Virol 1995 Apr;69(4):2092-2100. Galai N, et al. Changes in markers of disease progression in HIV-1 seroconverters: a comparison between cohorts of injecting drug users and homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1995;8:66-74. Galli M, Lazzarin A, Saracco A, Balotta C, et al. Clinical and immunological aspects of HIV infection in drug addicts. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989;50 (1 pt 2):S166-76. Galli M, Musicco M, Gervasoni C, Ridolfo AL, et al. No evidence for a role of continuing intravenous drug injection in accelerating disease progression in HIV-1 positive subjects. VIIth Int Conf on AIDS, (abstract no. TH.C.48), June 16-21, 1991. Gallo RC, Reitz MS Jr. Human retroviruses and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;69(6):1209-14. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Shearer GM, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984;224(4648):500-3. Gallo RC, Montagnier L. The chronology of AIDS research. Nature 1987;326(6112):435-6. Gallo RC. Virus Hunting. AIDS, Cancer, and the Human Retrovirus: A Story of Scientific Discovery. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. Gange RW, Jones EW. Kaposi’s sarcoma and immunosuppressive therapy: an appraisal. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978;3(2):135-46. Garry RF. Potential mechanisms for the cytopathic properties of HIV. AIDS 1989;3(11):683-94. Gazzard BG, Shanson DC, Farthing C, Lawrence AG, et al. Clinical findings and serological evidence of HTLV-III infection in homosexual contacts of patients with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy in London. Lancet 1984;2(8401):480-3. Genesca J, Wang RY, Alter HJ, Shih JW. Clinical correlation and genetic polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus proviral DNA obtained after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Infect Dis 1990;162(5):1025-30. Gershon AA. Measles virus (rubeola). In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp. 1279-84. Getchell JP, Hicks DR, Svinivasan A, Heath JL, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus isolated from a serum sample collected in 1976 in Central Africa. J Infect Dis 1987;156(5):833-7. Giesecke J, Scalia-Tomba G, Hakansson C, Karlsson A, Lidman K. Incubation time of AIDS: progression of disease in a cohort of HIV-infected homo- and bisexual men with known dates of infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1990;22(4):407-11. Gilbert AN. Conceptions of homosexuality and sodomy in Western history. J Homosex 1980-81;6(1-2):57-68. Ginsberg HS (moderator). Scientific forum on AIDS: a summary. Does HIV cause AIDS? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1988;1(2):165-72. Gjerset GF, Pike MC, Mosley JW, Hassett J, et al. Effect of low- and intermediate- purity clotting factor therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting disorders. Blood 1994;84(5):1666-71. Goedert JJ, Neuland CY, Wallen WC, Greene MH, et al. Amyl nitrite may alter T lymphocytes in homosexual men. Lancet 1982;1(8269):412-6. Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, Biggar RJ, et al. A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. N Engl J Med 1989;321(17):1141-8. Golding H, Shearer GM, Hillman K, Lucas P, et al. Common epitope in human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV) I-GP41 and HLA class II elicits immunosuppressive antibodies capable of contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Invest 1989;83(4):1430-5. Goldsmith JM, Deutsche J, Tang M, Green D. CD4 cells in HIV-1 infected hemophiliacs: effect of factor VIII concentrates. Thromb Haemost 1991;66(4):415-9. Gonda MA, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, Clements JE, et al. Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 1985;227(4683):173-7. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, Weisman JD, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981;305(24):1425-31. Goudsmit J. Alternative view on AIDS. Lancet 1992;339(8804):1289-90. Graham NM, Zeger SL, Kuo V, Jacobson LP, et al. Zidovudine use in AIDS-free HIV-1-seropositive homosexual men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1987-1989. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(3):267-76. Graham NM, Piantadosi S, Park LP, Phair JP, et al. CD4+ lymphocyte response to zidovudine as a predictor of AIDS-free time and survival time. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6(11):1258-66. Graham NM, Zeger SL, Park LP, Vermund SH, et al. The effects on survival of early treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;326(16):1037-42. Greene JB, Sidhu GS, Lewin S, Levine JF, et al. Mycobacterium-avium-intracellulare: a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals and drug abusers. Ann Intern Med 1982;97(4):539-46. Greene MH, Nightgingale SL, DuPont RL. Evolving patterns of drug abuse. Ann Intern Med 1975;83(3):402-11. Greene WC. AIDS and the immune system. Sci Am 1993;269(3):98-105. Greene WC. The molecular biology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324(5):308-17. Groopman JE. A dangerous delusion about AIDS. New York Times, September 10, 1992; A19. Groopman JE, Salahuddin SZ, Sarngadharan MG, Mullins JI, et al. Virologic studies in a case of transfusion-associated AIDS. N Engl J Med 1984;311(22):1419-22. Guerrero Vazquez J, de Paz Aparicio P, Olmedo Sanlaureano S, Omenaca Teres F, et al. Discordant acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in dizygotic twins. An Esp Pediatr 1993;39(5):445-7. Gupta P, Kingsley L, Armstrong J, Ding M, et al. Enhanced expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 correlates with development of AIDS. Virology 1993;196(2):586-95. Haase AT. Lentiviruses. In: Mandell GL, et al., eds. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases; 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990, pp. 1341-4. Haase AT. Pathogenesis of lentivirus infections. Nature 1986;322(6075):130-6. Hamilton JD, Hartigan PM, Simberkoff MS, Day PL, et al. A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. Results of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1992;326(7):437-43. Hammer S, Crumpacker C, D’Aquila R, Jackson B, et al. Use of virologic assays for detection of human immunodeficiency virus in clinical trials: recommendations of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Virology Committee. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31(10):2557-64. Hanenberg RS, Rojanapithayakorn W, Kunasol P, Sokal DC. Impact of Thailand’s HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1994;344(8917):243-5. Harden VA. Koch’s postulates and the etiology of AIDS: an historical perspective. Hist Phil Life Sci 1992;14(2):249-69. Harms G, Kirsch T, Rahelimiarana N, Hof U, et al. HIV and syphilis in … read more »

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